'Portugal' one of Europe’s finest

Downtown Lisbon

You can reach Lisbon, the capital of Portugal, after about a five-hour flight from İstanbul.

Portugal, located in the very southwestern tip of Europe is, in fact, quite a small piece of land. (It measures just 92,391 square kilometers.) Eighty-four percent of Portugal is Catholic, and this nation was one of the most influential in the world in terms of spreading Catholicism.
Since the airport in Lisbon is located in the center of the city, visitors can reach their destinations shortly after they arrive. There are many trams that run through Lisbon. One of them is the Number 28, which runs by many of the tourist sites in the city and is a favored means of transportation for first-time visitors.
Despite Portugal's relatively small population, Portuguese is one of the most spoken languages in the world. There are just under 200 million people who speak Portuguese: In South America, there is Brazil, and in Africa there are nations such as Mozambique, Angola, Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde, and of course in China, Portuguese is spoken in Macau. In fact, Portuguese is ranked the sixth most spoken language in the world by the European Union.
Portuguese history is particularly marked by the exploration that took place in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was during these centuries, due to the seafaring and colonizing done by the Portuguese, that Portugal experienced its golden age. In fact, even nowadays in Portugal, you can see signs of the wealth that date back to those days. The seafarers who came out of Portugal are still known and remembered throughout the world; Bartholomew Dias, Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan are just a few examples.
Some say that there are more than 3,000 Arabic-rooted words in Portuguese. Words like "al-Garve," "al-Fame" and "al-Kantara" -- in other words, mostly everything preceded by "al" -- comes from Arabic. Muslims entered Iberia in the year 711 and stayed for exactly eight centuries. And despite the fact that many years have passed since the Muslims left, you can still see the influence of this presence everywhere. The tiled buildings and Arabic words sprinkled through the language are just some examples. Even so, almost none of the structures built during the time of the Umayyad caliphate of al-Andalus are still left standing in the city. There is not, for example, a single mosque left from that period in Lisbon.
Visitors to Lisbon are treated to the natural beauty of the Rio Tejo ("Tagus" in English) that starts in Portugal's neighbor, Spain, and runs through Portugal, before emptying into the Atlantic Ocean. Portugal's western coastline with the Atlantic Ocean stretches for 832 kilometers.
One of the most important points in Portugal is the Cabo da Roca. This is the European continent's westernmost point. West from here is the Atlantic. It is also a wonderful point to look out upon the magnificent marine view, facing the strong winds that blow off the ocean.
Like İstanbul, Lisbon sits atop seven different hills. You can look out on this city of 2.7 million from the highest point in the city, from the Sao Jorge tower, and get a memorable bird's eye view. Lisbon has been the capital of Portugal since 1260. In Portuguese, the city is called "Lisboa."
One of the first things that might attract your attention in Lisbon is the giant statue of Christ. It is reminiscent of the famous one in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. The one in Lisbon stands on a hill that overlooks the city, and is 22 meters high. You can reach the terrace to view this statue by elevator, and after you get to the top, you have a wonderful view of the city.
The central boulevard in Lisbon is the Avenida de Liberdade. This is the most famous boulevard in Lisbon and is lined by trees on both sides. You can find hotels, administrative buildings and world-famous stores all along this road.
Walking through the center of Lisbon, you will likely also notice an interesting, historic elevator. The construction on this 45-meter-high elevator -- called Santa Justa -- began in 1900, and took two years to complete. It is now one of the most popular tourist sites in Lisbon because of the city views you see when you head up the elevator. In addition to the gorgeous views you get of the city grid when you go up the elevator, you also get to tour through the narrow, historic streets of Lisbon afterwards, for the elevator deposits its passengers at one of the highest neighborhoods in Lisbon. In fact, it was for the inhabitants of this steep neighborhood that this elevator was originally constructed. And the people who live here still use this elevator for that purpose, to get back to their homes.
"Fado" is a kind of music that is strongly associated with Portugal. You can hear fado live all over Lisbon, and one of the most famous places to go enjoy the strains of this kind of music is Luzo. According to fado musician Filipe Acasio, who has been playing for 29 years, fado is more than music, it is a way of life. Some say the word fado comes from the Latin word "fatum," or fate. There is pain and melancholy expressed in fado, which often expresses those who have been lost, and the sorrow and longing felt for them. Some say it's a kind of music that came about from long months spent at sea. Others say it was music sung in memory of those at journey out at sea by their loved ones on the land. But whatever the reason, Fado is a music which keeps the past alive today. At many places where fado is sung, five or six singers will take to the stage in one evening. And generally these singers will sing around three or four fado songs each before leaving the stage to their counterparts. You can find a fado bar on almost every corner of Lisbon.
Make sure that while you are in Lisbon, you don't leave without eating some of the delicious fish dishes offered in this fantastic city. From sardine to red mullet, from tongue fish to codfish, you can find everything here. This bounty comes from being located just on the edge of the Atlantic.
Finish up your meal with a slice of Belém cake. This is a famous item in Portuguese cuisine, and can be found everywhere.
With its historic cities, its atmosphere combining the past with the present and its delicious cuisine and warm people, Portugal is a country well worth visiting.

[TRAVEL TIPS]

Visa: Portuguese requires visas from Turkish citizens. Visas cost YTL 105 and can be obtained from the Portuguese Embassy in Ankara. No visas are required for citizens of the US, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, the UK or other EU countries.
How to go: Turkish Airlines (THY) offers regular flights to Lisbon from İstanbul.
THY charges 325 euros, inclusive of taxes.
Departures: Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sundays from İstanbul
Departs: 10:25 Arrives: 13:15
Returns: Tuesdays, Thursdays and Sundays to İstanbul
Departs: 14:10 Arrives: 20:40
Where to stay: You will have no problem finding clean, wonderful hotels to accommodate any kind of budget.
Cuisine: We recommend any one of the delicious fish meals.
Best time to go: In the summer, Portugal is hot, while in the winter, it can be chilly in the north. So we recommend a visit during spring. And since these are not the crowded months of the high season, hotels will be cheaper, too.

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[QUICK FACTS]

Capital: Lisbon
Official language: Portuguese
Government: Republic; parliamentary democracy
President: Anibal Cavaco Silva
Prime Minister: Jose Socrates
Area: 92,391 square kilometers
Population: 10,676,910*
GDP (PPP): $232.3 billion**
Religions: Roman Catholic (84.5 percent), other Christian (2.2 percent), other (0.3 percent), unknown (9 percent), none (3.9 percent)
*July 2008 estimate **2007 estimate

Iceland: The dance between fire and ice

Iceland is a country whose name has most recently been associated with the global financial crisis.

This island of 350,000 became the first national victim of the crisis when it declared bankruptcy earlier this month. Although this may lead one to believe that this isn't a desirable location to visit on the world map, Iceland remains unique place with its landscape and history.

Despite including five enormous icebergs as part of its topography, Iceland is actually a nation of volcanoes, with 15 volcanoes active even now. In fact, its Hekla volcano is one of the world's most active. Earthquakes are common occurrences in Iceland. In fact, there is so much tectonic movement that little islands form off of Iceland in the middle of the ocean from time to time. One such island is named Surtsey -- it came about as a result of lava spewing into the ocean from a volcano in 1963.

Iceland, which had previously been tied to Denmark, acquired full independence in 1944. Though not a very rich nation in terms of natural resources, Iceland's annual per capita income is around $36,000. The minimum wage here is 1,200 euros per month. In short, the level of prosperity is quite high here. Interestingly, Iceland has one of the lowest national populations in the world. The literacy level here is 100 percent. In 2007, Iceland was chosen by the United Nations as the best country in the world to live in from the perspective of education, income level and life expectancy rates. In fact, the people of Iceland have some of the longest life expectancies in the world. While men live an average of 80 years here, women live an average of 83.

At the same time, Iceland is an expensive country. Meals at Icelandic restaurants are two to three times as expensive as similar meals in European restaurants. In terms of foreign residents in Iceland, most are from Poland. There are around 10,000 Poles who live here. Following them are Danes and Germans.

As for its economy, Iceland is very dependent on fishing. There are 1.5 million tons of fish caught in Iceland annually. A full 6 percent of the residents of Iceland work in this sector.

Of the total population of 300,000, 190,000 live in the capital. Reykjavik holds the title of being the world's closest national capital to one of the poles. In other words, it is the world's northernmost capital city. With the national population being as low as it is, you won't see so many people wandering around the streets and boulevards of this nation. In fact, there is one square kilometer here for every three people. Reykjavik is a small and serene capital city.

In Iceland, the official language is Icelandic. This is actually Europe's oldest living language. But don't worry about communicating once you get to Iceland; if you speak English, you shouldn't have any problems.

There are more than 10,000 waterfalls throughout Iceland. The most famous of these is Gulfoz, which is about 140 kilometers from the capital. Its waters cascade a distance of 70 meters from the top.

During the month of February in Iceland, the sun doesn't come up until around 9 a.m. The snow falls constantly, which is why you might notice that road traffic signs display not only the outside temperature, but the temperature of the roads themselves. Thus, drivers can be forewarned of the temperature the road they are driving on and proceed with more or less caution.

Iceland is famous not only for its natural beauty but also for the Icelandic horses the Vikings themselves brought to these lands in the ninth century. In fact, since then, this type of horse has been preserved on the island without change. This is why today it is strictly forbidden to take them of the island, and likewise, it is also forbidden to bring back any Icelandic horses that have been transported off the island. If you visit a farm where these horses live, the first thing you may notice will be how still these horses stand. With their long hair, they are able to withstand extremely cold temperatures during the winter, as low as -15 degrees Celsius. And, despite how small they appear, they are also quite strong and muscular. Icelandic horses are famous for being able to run in five different styles. Most other kinds of horses can only run in four different styles.

They say that fire dances with ice in Iceland. While the top of this nation's soil may be covered completely in snow and ice, boiling waters burst forth from underground in various places. There are more than 800 natural sources of hot water in Iceland. Despite wintry temperatures, you can find water as hot as 100 degrees bubbling up from the ground.

The most famous of the natural hot water sources in Iceland is a geyser named Strokkur. The hot water that intermittently bursts out of Strokkur shoots a full 30 meters into the air. Those who come to see it will be dumbfounded by the display, which occurs every five or 10 minutes.

This is definitely a favorite tourist attraction in Iceland. You can see people standing with their cameras and video recorders, waiting to document the water that shoots up into the air. You can tell when the water is about to rush out of the ground when you see a sort of depression forming in the ground around the place where the water emerges. Interestingly, this spot is also one where people come to make wishes. It is such a sight that this place manages to attract around 500,000 visitors a year, winter and summer, even though there are only around 2,500 Icelanders who live nearby.

The months of April and October are great months in Iceland for whale-watching tours. In fact, a chance to see these enormous creatures in their natural environment is in itself a reason that people come to visit Iceland. Not only whales but puffins as well are also a reason that people travel to Iceland. These birds can dive to depths of 50 meters in the ocean and can fly at speeds of 80 kilometers an hour. There are more than 10 million puffins in Iceland.

With its volcanoes, bursting geysers, spectacular horses, millions of puffins, whale-watching opportunities, clear waters and so much more, Iceland is really a unique country. For those who are curious about the dance between ice and fire, this is the place to visit, no doubt about it.

[TRAVEL TIPS]

Visa: Turkish citizens are required to have a visa to visit Iceland. But if you have a Schengen visa, you can enter with no problem. You can obtain your Schengen visa for Iceland from the Danish Embassy in Ankara, or the Danish Consulate in İstanbul. The price for this visa is YTL 110.

Citizens of the US, England, Canada and New Zealand can enter Iceland for three months without a visa.

How to get there: You can reach Iceland by connecting through Europe. One of the preferred ways is flying through Denmark. We advise you to fly with Turkish Airlines to Denmark, and then from Denmark to Iceland on Icelandair.

Turkish Airlines: 178 euros plus tax

İstanbul departure: 10:15 a.m.

Copenhagen arrival: 12:30 p.m.

Icelandair: 282 euros plus tax

Copenhagen departure: 2 p.m.

Reykjavik arrival: 3:10 p.m.

Cuisine: Eat lots of fish while you are here. The soups here might seem a little salty, though, so be forewarned. The prices are quite high in comparison to eating out in Europe and, interestingly, restaurants seem to have their tables really squeezed together.

Where to stay: There are lots of clean and wonderful hotels here. But again, the hotels are quite expensive in comparison to European hotels.

Best time to go: It is definitely best to visit Iceland between the months of February and March if you want to see the snow and ice, as well as the hot water bursting forth from the ground. If you go earlier than these months, the days will be much shorter. And if you want to see a greener Iceland, you might try the summer months.

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[QUICK FACTS]

Capital: Reykjavik

Language(s) spoken: Icelandic

Government: constitutional republic

President: Olafur Ragnar Grimsson

Prime Minister: Geir Haarde

Area: 103,000 square kilometers

Population: 304,367

Main religions: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland (82.1 percent), Roman Catholic Church (2.4 percent)

Take a walk on the 'south side' London south of the Thames

Whether you live north or south of the Thames says something about you in London. I am not exactly sure what that is in reality, and in some ways it is a joke, but there is a definite divide.

Sure, north of the river has all the big sights in London: Buckingham Palace and all the surrounding gardens, Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament, Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus, the National Gallery, Harrods, Regent and Oxford Streets. In recent years, however, a visit to the south side of the Thames has become more than a quick walk past tired old buildings and through dark urine-drenched tunnels, but an enjoyable stroll. In fact, stopping at all there will keep you occupied for days.

So after leaving the Houses of Parliament, cross the Westminster Bridge, staying on the same side as Big Ben. Straight ahead on the next right-hand corner is the specialist Florence Nightingale Museum, dedicated to the world’s most famous nurse and to the history of nursing in general. The museum contains an archive of books and letters written by Florence, along with her own personal items. But if you are not into things medical, then walk down the steps onto the embankment and turn to duck under the bridge. The London Eye, or Millennium Wheel, looms ahead on the edges in Jubilee Park, literally dipping into the Thames. The tallest Ferris wheel in the world moves people around in closed capsules at about 26 centimeters per second, lifting them up and around for the most spectacular view of London.

Before the Eye, to the right, sits Country Hall, home to the London Aquarium and permanent Salvador Dali exhibition. Sea creatures swim around in 2 million liters of water in one of Europe’s largest global aquatic exhibitions alongside a surreal fantasyland of over 500 of Dali’s works.

Beyond the Eye, toward Waterloo Bridge, sees the transformation of this mostly homeless and itinerant hangout block into a café and restaurant hub. Nestled in and around the Royal Festival Hall, where the Golden Jubilee Bridge crosses from Embankment underground station, hundreds of people flock to the area to sit and talk, eat and drink before or after shows, or just to meet.

As you pass under the Waterloo Bridge, booksellers will have their secondhand wares on offer, set up on portable benches out front of the National Film Theatre’s café doors. To the right after the bridge is the National Theatre, but continue walking along the water’s edge, past the Oxo tower, then under Blackfriar’s Bridge. Sitting alongside this next strip of walkway is the Tate Modern, the huge converted power station making its mark on the skyline and on the art scene in London. The gallery houses the country’s international modern art collection, that is, anything post-1900. The permanent exhibitions are free, with special exhibitions attracting fees and sometimes long lines.

Since the opening of the Tate Modern in 2000, many other smaller galleries, in the back and side streets of Southwark, have opened their doors and walls. The Bankside Gallery hosts the Royal Watercolour Society and the Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers exhibitions where pieces are available at reasonable prices.

The first new bridge to be built across the Thames since 1894, the Millennium Bridge, traverses the river from the Tate Modern to St. Paul’s Cathedral. Built, as its name suggests, to see in the year 2000, the opening was originally delayed due to its severe swinging and swaying in windy times, which, let’s face it, come quite frequently in a London winter, spring, autumn and unfortunately summer!

If you liked standing in line at the Tate Modern, then Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre offers the opportunity to partake in performances in much the same as it was in Shakespeare’s day. That is, standing with necks extended to view the actors who are set high upon the stage ahead. Seats are available and recommended for the longer acts! The site also boasts the largest exhibition dedicated to Shakespeare and the London in which he worked.

After leaving the theater, the path passes a typical English pub and ducks away from the water’s edge onto a cobble-stoned path. Before the path enters a slightly darker patch, under the train tunnel arches, Vinopolis, the wine tasting venue sits with its doors open and ready to welcome visitors, who can take themselves on one of three self-guided tasting tours.

Beyond Vinopolis is The Clink Prison Museum, where the horrors of the London prison, used from 1144 until 1780, are on display. For something a little lighter yet equally touristy, the Golden Hinde, the reconstructed Tudor galleon of Sir Frances Drake, sits permanently at the St. Mary Overie Dock. Costumed actors tell the story of life on the ship and the voyages of Drake.

But if you can walk by the very touristy attractions and around the corner, both the Southwark Cathedral and Borough Market await. The cathedral is London’s oldest Gothic church and sits where at least one church or another has sat for 1,400 years. City workers will lunch in the gardens of the church, especially on a sunny day, with the market offerings tempting them away from their offices. The Borough Market, which has been in operation in some form or other for many hundreds of years, has become London’s most attractive and gourmet farmer’s market.

London Bridge sees the official end of Bankside, the London riverside precinct that starts at Blackfriar’s Bridge. The complete journey from Westminster to London Bridge is about three kilometers, but depending on whether the attractions along the way distract you, it can take anywhere from one to many days to get to the Pool of London.

The Pool of London, not to be confused with the crystal clear waters of swimming baths, is the section of the Thames bordered by London and Tower Bridges (and a little beyond) in the east of the city. A little way along the waterside from London Bridge and past the private London Bridge Hospital is Hay’s Galleria. A steel and glass barrel roof now covers this wharf, originally built in the 1850s. Modern sculptures and fountains break up the space designed to invite people in to relax, have a break over a coffee, snack or meal.

Docked on the Thames just beyond the old wharf is the HMS Belfast, Europe’s only surviving World War II big gun warship. Open to visitors, the ship has a total of nine decks to wander through. On the shore-side nearby is a space called “More London,” a new business development area, alongside The Scoop. The Scoop is an outdoor sunken amphitheater with seating for 800 people. The venue hosts free theater, music and films, especially throughout summer.

At the end of Shad Thames, the street that runs parallel to the river is the Design Museum, a space dedicated to contemporary design in every form from furniture to graphics and architecture to industrial design. Originally developed by Terrance Conran in the basement of the Victoria and Albert Museum 25 years ago, it moved to its current location in 1989 and has developed an international reputation.

If you time it right, the sun will be setting and the lights coming on along Tower Bridge. Stop to have dinner in one of the restaurants along the wharf and enjoy one of London’s most attractive views, the lights lit up over the bridge.

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Places to eat

There are literally hundreds of places to eat along the south side of the Thames. Many of London’s most successful franchises
will have one, two or maybe three branches open along the way and whilst some of these are okay, and can be especially good for families, here is a selection of more
individual places worth trying.

Benugo Bar and Kitchen at the British Film Institute (BFI)
The South Bank Centre
Belvedere Road
+44 20 74019000
This relatively new spot in the rejuvenated BFI’s complex has a great comfortable lounge area along with a slightly more
formal dining area.
Open: Monday-Friday 9:45 a.m.-11 p.m.; Saturday-Sunday 11 a.m.-11 p.m.; Sunday brunch 11 a.m.-4 p.m.; Sunday roast 12:30 p.m.-4 p.m.

Tate Modern Restaurant
Level 7, Tate Modern
Bankside
+44 20 7401 5020
At the top of the old power station, the restaurant is open for light lunches, casual drinks as well as more formal meals. The view is one of London’s best and coupled with the food, one of the better choices along the Thames.

Tapas Brindisa
18-20 Southwark Street (Borough
Market area)
+44 20 7357 8880
Great Spanish food, especially interesting tapas.
Open: Monday-Saturday 11 a.m.-11 p.m.; Spanish breakfast: 9 a.m.-11 a.m.;
bookings not taken

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Places to visit

Florence Nightingale Museum
St. Thomas' Hospital
2 Lambeth Palace Road
+44 20 76200374
Open: Daily 10 a.m.-5 p.m.
Closed: Good Friday, Easter Saturday and Sunday, Dec. 22-Jan. 2
www.florence-nightingale.co.uk

London Aquarium
County Hall
Westminster Bridge Road
+44 20 7967 8000
Open: Daily 10 a.m.-6 p.m.
Closed Dec. 25
www.londonaquarium.co.uk

The Tate Modern
Bankside
Open: Sunday-Thursday 10 a.m.-6 p.m.; Friday and Saturday 10 a.m.-10 p.m.
Closed: Dec. 24-26
www.tate.org.uk/modern

Bankside Gallery
48 Hopton Street
+44 20 79287521
Open: Daily 11 a.m.-6 p.m. during
exhibitions
www.banksidegallery.com

Shakespeare's Globe Theatre
Bankside Riverwalk
+44 20 70902 1500
Open: Daily 10 a.m.-5 p.m. -- Exhibition
Closed: Dec. 24-25
www.shakepeares-globe.org

Vinopolis
1 Bank End
Open: Monday, Thursday and Friday
noon-10 p.m.; Saturday 11 a.m.-9 p.m.; Sunday noon-6 p.m.
Closed: Tuesday and Wednesday
+44 870 241 4040
www.vinopolis.co.uk

The Clink Prison Museum
1 Clink Street
Open Monday-Friday 10 a.m.-6 p.m.; Saturday-Sunday 10 a.m.-9 p.m.
+44 20 7403 0900
http://www.clink.co.uk/

The Golden Hinde
St. Mary Overie Dock
Cathedral Street
+44 20 7403 0123
Open: call for opening times
www.goldenhinde.org

Southwark Cathedral
Bankside
+44 20 7367 6700
Open: Daily 8:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m.
www.southwark.anglican.org/cathedral

Borough Market
8 Southwark Street
+44 20 7407 1002
Open: Thursday 11 a.m.-5 p.m.; Friday noon-6 p.m.; Saturday 9 a.m.-4 p.m.
www.boroughmarket.org.uk

Design Museum
28 Shad Thames
+44 20 7403 6933
www.designmuseum.org
Open: Daily 10 a.m.-5:45 p.m.
Closed: Dec. 25-26

-Travel- Maldives Guide

For a long time, the Republic of Maldives was one of the best-kept secrets in the world; a beautiful string of low-lying coral islands in the Indian Ocean, a paradise for watersports enthusiasts and sunseekers alike. Now the islands are developing quickly to become an increasingly popular long-haul destination.


The country's 26 natural atolls offer nautical delights from night-fishing trips, windsurfing and scuba-diving. Many islands embrace enormous lagoons, where bright blue-green water laps gently.

Yet, even in paradise, trouble can bubble beneath the surface. It is precisely because the Maldives are so low-lying (80% of the territory is less than 1m/3.3ft above sea level), so transparent and perfect for snorkelling, that their very existence is especially threatened by global warming. They are also particularly vulnerable to natural catastrophe, as shown in the devastating tsunami on 26 December 2004: of the Maldives' 199 inhabited islands, 20 were completely destroyed.

These factors need to be seriously discussed by the international community in future years. Otherwise, paradise really might be lost.

Key Facts

Location

A group of islands in the Indian Ocean, 500km (300 miles) southwest of the southern tip of India.

Time

GMT + 5.

Area

298 sq km (115 sq miles).

Population

370,000 (CIA estimate 2007).

Population Density

1,242 per sq km.

Capital

Malé. Population: 83,000 (UN estimate 2003).

Geography

The Republic of Maldives consists of about 1,190 low-lying coral islands, of which only 200 are inhabited. Most of the inhabited islands are covered by lush tropical vegetation and palm trees, while the numerous uninhabited islands, some of which are mere sand spits or coral tips, are covered in shrubs. Each island is surrounded by a reef enclosing a shallow lagoon. Hundreds of these islands together with other coral growth form an atoll, surrounding a lagoon. All the islands are low-lying, none more than 2m (7ft) above sea level.

Government

Republic since 1965. Gained independence from the UK in 1965.

Head of State

President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom since 1978.

Recent History

President Gayoom is Asia's longest-serving leader, re-elected for a record sixth five-year term in 2003, having first taken office in 1978. The Maldives has been relatively stable under his rule, despite attempted coups in the 1980s. Human rights groups accused Gayoom of running an autocratic state and anti-government violence flared in the streets.

The Maldives was hit by the December 2004 Asian tsunami. Homes and resorts were destroyed, and a major rebuilding programme was consequently put into place.

The country aims to hold its first multiparty elections by the end of 2008.

Language

The national language is Dhivehi. English is widely used as a business language in government offices and the commercial sector. Other languages are widely used within tourist areas.

Religion

The indigenous population is almost entirely Sunni Muslim.

Electricity

230 volts AC, 50Hz. Round-pin plugs are used, although square-pin plugs are now becoming more common.

Social Conventions

The majority of the indigenous population does not mix with the tourist visitors, with the exception of those involved with tourism in the resorts and Malé. Dress is informal, but locals who are Muslim will be offended by nudity or scanty clothing in public places, and the government rigidly enforces these standards. Bikinis and other scanty beachwear are not acceptable in Malé or on any other inhabited island; they should be restricted to resort islands only. When entering a mosque, the legs and the body, but not the neck and the face, should be covered. Handshaking is the most common form of greeting. The indigenous population not involved in the tourist trade lives in isolated island communities maintaining almost total privacy. A large number of locals smoke, but smoking and eating during Ramadan is discouraged.

Climate

The Maldives have a hot tropical climate. There are two monsoons, the southwest from May to October and the northeast from November to April. Generally the southwest brings more wind and rain in June and July. The temperature rarely falls below 25°C (77°F).

Required Clothing

Lightweight cottons and linens throughout the year. Light waterproofs are advised during the rainy season.

Going Out

Food and Drink

Malé, the capital, has a few simple restaurants which serve local and international food. On the other islands, there are a few restaurants in addition to those run by the resorts. Cuisine is international, with all food other than seafood imported. There are no bars, except in the resorts, where there is a good range of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks available, reflecting the demands of the visitors.

Things to know: All bars are situated in tourist resorts (no alcohol is available on Malé). Locals do not drink at all. During the month of Ramadan, visitors are not allowed to drink alcohol in public except in the tourist resorts.

National specialities:
• Seafood such as tuna, grouper, octopus, jobfish and swordfish is widely available.
• Kavaabu (deep-fried snacks made from rice, tuna, coconut, lentils and spices).
• Curries, such as chicken or beef, are widely available. Curry leaves are added to a lot of Maldivian dishes.

National drinks:
• The Maldive Lady (a powerful and delicious cocktail, the composition of which varies from bar to bar and island to island).

Tipping: This is officially discouraged.

Nightlife

There is little or no organised nightlife, although most resorts have informal discos around the barlive bands playing either traditional or Western music. Beach parties and barbecues are also popular. On some evenings, many resorts have cultural shows and some show films.

Many different types of traditional national dancing and singing may be enjoyed across the islands. areas, sometimes featuring

Shopping

Lacquered wooden boxes are the most distinctive Maldivian handicrafts, and are almost exclusively produced in Thulhaadhoo in Baa Atoll. The craft involves the process of shaping and hollowing out pieces of wood from endemic trees to form intricately crafted boxes, containers and ornamental objects. Beautiful reed mats are woven throughout the country, the most famous of which are those that are woven by the women of Gadhdhoo in Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll. Ranging from placemats to full-size single mattress mats, they are hand-decorated with intricate abstract designs.

In Malé, most souvenir shops line the northern end of Chaandanee Magu, earlier known as the Singapore Bazaar for its many imports from Singapore. The local market offers stalls with a variety of local produce, mainly from the atolls, such as different kinds of local vegetables, fruits and yams, packets of sweetmeat, nuts and breadfruit chips, bottles of homemade sweets and pickles, and bunches of bananas hanging on coir ropes from ceiling beams. Vacuum-packed smoked fish and chipped dried fish are available in many supermarkets and make a different souvenir.

Note: There are strict prohibitions against the export of coral and turtle- or tortoiseshell.

Shopping hours: Sat-Thurs 0830-2300, Fri 1330-2300. Shops officially shut for 15 minutes five times a day in deference to Muslim prayer times; however, this rule is not always strictly adhered to in the tourist areas away from the capital.

Top Things To See

• Admire the superb collection of artefacts, including Sultanese thrones and palanquins, in Malé's National Museum, located in Sultan's Park.

• Opt for some aerial sightseeing and photo flights for an astonishing glimpse of the islands and a blue panorama.

• Pop your head into the beautiful 17th-century Hukuru (Friday Mosque) in Malé. The Islamic Centre, topped with a magnificent golden dome, is worth a visit. There are over 20 mosques scattered around the capital.

• See the Maldives Victory Wreck (which sank in 1981), lying on the western side of Hulule. This is a dive for experienced divers.

• Spot fish (notably grey reef shark), giant snappers and tropical reef fish at Mushimasmingili Thila (Shark Thila), located in the northern section of the Ari Atoll.

Top Things To Do

• Shop for local arts and crafts; Baa Atoll is one of the few places where traditional techniques are still practised. Malé, the capital, also has several markets of fresh and wholesome food produce for those wanting to sample local fare.

• Dive or snorkel to appreciate the exceptional and easily accessible underwater life; some of the best sites in the world are found in the Maldives. All of the resorts have professional, fully-equipped dive schools offering a range of courses. Most of the resorts also offer reef sightseeing trips on glass-bottomed boats.

• Go on a fishing trip on modern speedboats equipped for big game fishing. Go at night to catch groupers, snappers, squirrelfish or barracuda. Round off the trip with a barbecue with the day's catch.

• Visit the island of Makunudhoo, renowned for the quality of its food. It is protected on all sides by a beautiful lagoon with coconut groves leading down to the beach. The catch? It is one of the most expensive island resorts in the Maldives.

• Get away from it all and spend a day and a night alone on an uninhabited island. You can usually do so as part of an island-hopping tour. Another option is to visit a fishing village with a trip to an uninhabited island (where often a beach barbecue is served).

• Hire a traditional boat (dhoni) or speedboat to island hop.

• Windsurf at Banana Reef, where strong currents also make for an exceptionally abundant marine life, with reef sharks, bannerfish and oriental sweetlips all present.

Accommodation

Hotels

There are several hotels and guesthouses in Malé, although most visitors stay on resort islands. There are no guest houses or self-catering facilities on any of the resort islands.

Resorts

There are numerous resorts, which vary from extravagantly luxurious to fairly simple. Accommodation almost invariably consists of thatch-roofed coral cabanas with en suite facilities. Most of the resorts have air-conditioned rooms with mini-bar, although some of the resorts still have fan-cooled rooms. Many resort groups have recently installed desalination plants to provide clean tap water.

The resorts are fully integral communities with sport and leisure facilities including scuba-diving and snorkelling, restaurants and bars and, in some cases, a shop and/or disco. There is a shop on every resort island. Different islands tend to attract different nationalities.

Map

'Lebanon' A beautiful Mediterranean vacation spot

The name Lebanon derives from the Arabic word "leben," which means milk. This used to be a region filled with farms that housed generous milk cows.

This is how the country came to be known as "Lebanon," which actually means "land of milk." These days there are not so many milk-producing farms here, but it is certainly still a gorgeous nation sitting on the shores of the Mediterranean.

Despite the many years that have passed since the end of its civil war, Lebanon still has not managed to shake off all the traces of its past conflicts. You cannot pass the many buildings that are still pockmarked with bullet holes without wondering what kind of hatred drove the people who shared this land with for so many years to turn against each other. This was a civil war that was waged between the Christians, Druze, Sunnis and Shiites living in Lebanon. During the heaviest period of fighting, in the 1980s, Beirut experienced dramatic destruction. Every corner of the city was in ruins. You understand, though, that life goes on -- even in these corners of destruction -- especially as you walk around and see clotheslines strung up between the partially ruined buildings still standing from that period.

When you see the present state of the Lebanese streets, you can't help but remember that for hundreds of years various ethnic groups lived in peace here during the time of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans ruled Lebanon by way of a special governor sent to the region from the center of the state, and great freedom was allowed the various ethnic groups living in Lebanon to live and act according to their individual beliefs and traditions. Immediately after the Ottomans pulled out of the region, the Middle East turned into a blood bath. The basis of the peace that had previously reigned in the region was the skill, tolerance and justice of the Ottoman rule. And so when this came to an end, everything was disrupted.

Since its civil war ended in 1991 Lebanon has been busy trying to mend its wounds. Ruined buildings are being restored, streets and boulevards have been taken under control again and the cities are, for the most part, being put back into their original order. (Yes, but I guess it's much better overall from what I hear from all my friends, too who go back every summer)

Today, along the coastal road of the Lebanese capital of Beirut, there is a strip of luxurious hotels. When you look at the shop signs along this coastal road, you can see that the French were in Lebanon for a long time. It's almost as though there is more French on these signs than Arabic, and there are French words sprinkled throughout the Arabic you hear being spoken on the streets. A great number of Lebanese people speak French. Sixty percent of Lebanon's population is Muslim, and the country is home to nearly 20 different ethnic groups.

Beirut is a coastal city that appears to have embraced all of the magnificence of the Mediterranean. In the Arab world Lebanon is a favorite spot for vacations. Even during the winter months it is filled with tourists.

One of the first things you might notice while walking around Beirut's streets is the level of traffic in this city. Don't bother asking how it is that a nation this small could have this much traffic; spending at least a few hours in traffic each day is a part of life in Beirut. Take the time to notice some of the characteristics of this traffic, though. For example, look at the old Mercedes that are used by Lebanese taxi drivers.

Make sure you take the time to visit one of the many restaurants serving traditional Lebanese food in Beirut. There is, for example, the well-known Nehr'il Funun restaurant, where customers can eat dinner as Lebanese singers take to the stage and sing songs in Arabic. Most of the customers here are Arabs, though you might see a few European tourists, too. Don't forget to eat dishes such as tabbouleh, mensef (steaming rice piled with lamb-on-the-bone and covered in a creamy, spiced yoghurt sauce), lahme ba'jin (meat-covered thin pizza) and hummus. You might notice that the word "lahme ba'jin" is quite close to what we say in Turkey: "lahmacun." This is no coincidence since the word derives from Arabic and only turned into "lahmacun" over time.

One site that you definitely don't want to miss in Lebanon is the Jeita Caves, which are visited by an estimated 250,000 tourists every year. To put this into perspective, the total number of tourists who come to Lebanon yearly is around 600,000. The lighting used in these caves is "cold lighting," which is less likely to harm the stalagmites and stalactites here. This series of caves is located in a river valley and is actually composed of two separate caves on top of one another. You won't be able to get enough of just looking at these beautiful natural stones whose shapes have been formed by running water over thousands of years. The Jeita Caves were not open to visitors during the Lebanese civil war. But then in 1995 they opened up again to curious tourists and local visitors.

The symbolic cedar tree

The cedar tree, which adorns the Lebanese flag, is not actually that easy to see in this nation. This is because cedar trees can generally only be found at sites that are well above the sea level, on snowy mountain tops, for example. You might wonder why on earth there would even be snow here, in the Middle East, but remember that in Lebanon there are mountain tops that rise up to 3,088 meters into the air.

One of the most remarkable characteristics of the cedar tree is its life span. Cedar trees can live for thousands of years. Some cedar trees have been found to be 4,000-5,000 years old. In the Old Testament, the majesty of the cedar tree is described this way: "In its branches were nests made by all the birds in the sky, and all nations lived in its shade."

Cedars are also known for their wonderful aroma and for the strength of their wood. In fact, this strength has made them a favored tree for shipbuilding and roof-building through the ages. The ancient Egyptians used cedar resin in their mummification rituals and cedar sap for when they wanted to create a waterproof surface. Sadly though, the massive forests of cedars that used to grace Lebanese soil no longer exist. The British cut down large numbers of these valuable trees during World War II for the construction of the Tripoli highway. As a result of years of being cut down, cedar trees finally fell under the protection of UNESCO's World Heritage, which is attempting to protect them for future generations. In fact, the Lebanese government has even set aside a special fund from its budget to protect these trees. There are currently five separate institutions whose duty is simply to protect cedars in Lebanon.

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[Travel tips]

Visas: Lebanon requires visas from Turkish citizens. The price for visas is $35. US and EU citizens can get their visas at the airport.

How to get there: You can fly to Beirut directly from İstanbul on Turkish Airlines. The ticket price is currently 229 euros plus taxes and fees. Flights leave every night at 11:40 p.m. You can also fly to Beirut from İstanbul on Royal Jordanian, with flights leaving every day at 2:25 p.m., for 258 euros plus taxes and fees.

Where to stay: There is a wide range of wonderful hotels along the coast in Beirut.

Cuisine: You will have no problem finding delicious food that appeals to your taste buds in Lebanon. The one factor that might be a little difficult is the abundant use of spices and distinctive sauces.

Pay attention to these factors: There is still an ambiguous security situation in the nation and, technically, Lebanon is a risky country to visit. You should go only after paying close attention to the most recent news and developments in the country. You don't want to find yourself in the middle of potentially deadly clashes. There are also reports of many unexploded bombs and mines still hidden in Lebanese soil. Most of the unexploded mines and bombs are located in the southern regions of Lebanon.

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[QUICK FACTS]

Capital: Beirut

Official languages: French, English

Government: Republic

Prime Minister: Fouad Siniora (interim)

Area: 10,452 square kilometers

Population: 4,196,453 *

Gross domestic product (PPP): $41.96 billion**

Main religions: Islam (53.6 percent), Christian (42.3 percent), other (4.1 percent)

* February 2008 estimate ** 2007 estimate

-travel Dubai- Cultures learn to get along in Dubai

Claiming to have the world's tallest building, biggest airport and most expensive hotel, Dubai is a city of superlatives. Cultures learn to get along in the Arab melting pot.

Dubai is the city of 150 nations.

Some says there are so many interesting people in Dubai.

Some says you can feel so free, as a person, as an individual.

However, some says Dubai is pompousness and manufactured perfection. They also say there is nothing real about the city and you could hardly breathe any more.

People who live in Dubai have an "E-card," which allows you to bypass the passport control at the airport, where you simply place your index finger on a sensor, a door opens and you walk through.

When you pick up a visitor from the airport, you can go online, type in his flight number and your mobile phone number -- and receive a text message every half hour updating you on the flight's arrival status.

Water and electricity bills, dentist appointments, road toll -- everything reaches you via your mobile phone.

When there is an accident, the police record mobile phone numbers before they write down the vehicles' license plates. The mobile phone serves as a universal identity card in Dubai.

If you go to a clinic or hospital, an Indian receptionist can welcome you. You can be surprised to be greeted by Filipino nurses an a Syrian doctor can treat you.

When you leave the clinic, do not ask for the bill. For the Emirate of Dubai is paying for your treatment.

Dubai is not a city where you feel observed or monitored, and it has none of the annoying routines of places like Turkish cities, with their metal detectors at entrances to public buildings and armed patrols in shopping malls.

On the other hand, anyone wishing to read a tabloid online is greeted with this message: "The content of this Web site is incompatible with the political and moral values of the United Arab Emirates."

Paradoxically, print copies of any tabloid are for sale in Dubai supermarkets.

Nowhere else in the region are there so many young, ambitious and well-educated North Africans, Syrians, Lebanese, Iraqis and Saudis who have turned their backs on their repressive countries.

During the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, eating, drinking and smoking in public are strictly forbidden, and non-Muslims are politely reprimanded.

On the other hand, the supermarkets sell pork, and anyone interested in wine or whisky can drink to his heart's content in the international hotels.

Dubai is a global village, but even more than that, it is an Arab village.

-travel- Sydney City Guide

Vast, vibrant Sydney is the epitome of the Australian surf, sand and sun cliché. Carved out of sandstone headlands with golden beaches and world-class surf, this sun-soaked city offers the ultimate in outdoor living.

At the heart of the city is the harbour, arguably one of the most beautiful waterways in the world, where the curves of the Sydney Opera House shimmer in the sunlight and dozens of white sails float beneath the Harbour Bridge.

The state capital of New South Wales, Sydney is Australia's oldest and largest city and is regarded by many (particularly Sydneysiders) as the country's capital in all but name. It's a thriving centre for both business and the arts with a buzzing cafe culture, a vibrant nightlife, and a restaurant scene fit to rival the most gastronomic destinations.

The Sydney experience is essentially a physical one. Semitropical summers and mild winters mean that days spent indoors are rare. Take a dip in the ocean at Bondi Beach or stretch your legs along the coastal walk to Coogee. Learn to surf at Manly, swim laps at Icebergs pool, kayak around the harbour, catch some rays along the northern beaches or go bush in one of the national parks.

But despite what its neighbours might tell you, there is more to Sydney than it's good-looking exterior. The museums, galleries, theatres and concert venues should satisfy those seeking more cerebral pursuits. History buffs will enjoy The Rocks, where Sydney's sordid beginnings as a British penal colony remain, and further downtown grand Victorian structures sit side by side modern monoliths in glass and steel.

Sydney's Aboriginal heritage has, for the most part, been eclipsed by Australia's white history. Although Sydney has the highest Aboriginal population of any Australia city, a stroll around the city streets offers little evidence of their existence and they remain very much an invisible minority.

The city's busy social calendar means that at almost any time of year, a festival is underway. The summer months host numerous sporting events as well as film, art and theatre festivals but pick any month of the year and you're almost guaranteed to witness some sort of celebration.

Locals have long argued that Sydney is the city that has it all but it was only following the triumphant hosting of the 2000 Olympic Games that the rest of the world sat up and took notice. Now Sydney is a ‘must see' on many a traveller's itinerary
and once you've visited, you'll understand exactly why.

Full Airport Name

Sydney Airport

Address

Sydney Airports Corporation Limited, The Ulm Building, 1 Link Road, Sydney International Terminal, NSW 2020, Australia

Airport Code

SYD

Country Code

61

Telephone

(02) 9667 9111

Fax

(02) 9667 1592

E-mail

Via the airport’s website

Website

www.sydneyairport.com.au

Number of Terminals

3

Time Zone

GMT + 10 (GMT + 11 from last Sunday in October to last Sunday in March)

Location

The airport is located 9km (6 miles) south of Sydney.

Airport News

Planned for Sydney Airport is a major expansion and refurbishment of the T1 International Terminal. More than A$150 million will be spent on the expansion - which will be the first significant upgrade of T1's facilities since the 2000 Olympics. As part of this expansion programme, a A$65 million eight-storey car park for the International Terminal (T1) will be constructed. The car park will provide around 3,000 undercover parking spaces when it is completed in late 2008. T2 will also be redeveloped.

Transfer Between Terminals

An underground Airport Link connects the International and Domestic terminals. The T-Bus services operate frequent services between the terminals. Travellers changing between domestic and international flights (either way) may be eligible for the Qantas Seamless Transfer (tel: 131 313) service.

Driving Directions

Most routes to the airport are signposted; these signs indicate the most direct route to the airport. Travellers should visit the airport’s website for detailed driving directions from specific areas in Sydney.

Car Parking

The airport has three car parks. The T1 International Terminal Car Park is located on the Arrivals level of the T1 International Terminal. Domestic multi-storey and long-term car parks are also available. The Long-Term Car Park can be accessed via Ross Smith Avenue from General Holmes Drive or Sir Reginald Ansett Drive; follow the signs to the car park located near the heliport; there are regular courtesy shuttles to the terminals. Valet parking is also available.

Car Hire

Avis, Budget, Europcar, Hertz, Red Spot and Thrifty are all represented. Car rental desks are located on the Arrivals level in the terminals.

Public Transport

Rail: An Airport Link (tel: (02) 8337 8417; website: www. airportlink.com.au) rail service connects T1 International Terminal, T2 Domestic Terminal, T3 Qantas Terminal, central Sydney and the Sydney suburbs. Airport Link stations are located at all terminals. Trains run to the Sydney Town Hall (journey time - 13 minutes). Tickets can be purchased on-line.
Road: Bus: Sydney Buses (tel: 131 500) operates a bus route between Bondi Junction and Burwood which includes the T1 International and T3 Domestic Terminals. The bus stops on the arrivals level of each of these terminals are clearly marked. Many shuttle bus companies provide a service between the airport and most Sydney suburbs and regional areas; these need to be booked in advance. Many hotels provide a transfer service for their guests.
Taxi: Each terminal has its own sheltered taxi rank. A taxi rank is located outside the mid-point of the Arrivals hall in T1 International Terminal (journey time to city centre - 30 minutes). Companies include Taxis Combined Services (tel: 133 300), Silver Service Fleet (tel: 133 100), Legion Cabs (tel: 131 451), Premier CabsSt George Cabs (tel: 132 166). (tel: 131 017) and

Information and Help Desks

The Tourism NSW Information Desk is located in the centre of the T1 International Terminal Arrivals level 1 and is open 0600-2300, providing information and help with accommodation, tours and dining in Sydney. Gold Ambassadors, who can provide information and answer queries on the airport, are stationed throughout the airport and have help desks in the Arrivals and Departures areas in the T1 International Terminal.

Airport Facilities

Money and communications: Bureaux de change and ATMs are located in all terminals. Postal and photocopying facilities can be found at Australia Post Shop, located in the centre of Departures level 2. A post office is located in the International Terminal. Internet terminals are located throughout the airport. Wireless Internet access is also available. Mobile telephone hire is available from Vodafone Rental stores in T1 Arrivals.
Eating and drinking: There are many restaurants, cafés and bars at the airport offering a wide variety of international and Australian cuisine.
Shopping: There are over 150 retail and service outlets, including duty-free, beauty and hair salons, a wine store, an Australian produce shop, international and Australian fashion stores, and a host of speciality stores.
Luggage: Smarte Carte operates a baggage storage service located at the northern end of the Arrivals level of T1 International Terminal; there is also a baggage storage facility on the Arrivals level of T2 Domestic Terminal. Trolleys are available troughout the airport. Inquiries about lost items should be made to the property office on level 3 of the T1 International Terminal (tel: (02) 9667 9583).
Other facilities: There is a medical centre in T1 International Terminal on the administration level 3. There is also a pharmacy in the Departures area. Free showers are available in both the Departures and Arrivals area of the T1 International Terminal. A prayer room is located on level 3 of the T1 International Terminal. There are child activity centres in T1 International Terminal and Kid’s Cinemas are located after immigration, near Gate 33. Child-sized toilets are installed in all female toilets and baby changing rooms are conveniently located throughout the terminals.

Conference and Business Facilities

Sydney Airport Executive Services (tel: (02) 9667 6534; website: www.execservices.com.au) hires out a number of business and conference venues in both T1 International Terminal and T2 Domestic Terminal. There are two meeting/function rooms (the Kingsford Smith Suite holds up to 400 delegates) and two VIP suites in T1, while T2 has meeting rooms, conference space and a function area catering for up to 1,000 people. A catering service is also available. Overhead projectors, screens, flipcharts and whiteboards come as standard, while AV equipment and sound systems are available on request. There are seven airline lounges in T1 and one in T2.

Facilities for Disabled Travellers

Facilities for disabled passengers include showers, toilets, ramps and lowered telephones, text telephones, telephones fitted with induction loops, and drinking fountains. Passengers with special needs should advise their airline at least 72 hours before departure. Wheelchairs are available from the Tourism New South Wales desk. Disabled parking spaces are located at the front of the T1 International Terminal, for valid badge holders.

Hotels

Nearby hotels include the Airport Sydney International Inn, 35 Levey Street, Arncliffe (tel: (02) 9556 1555; website: www.airportinn.com.au), with meeting facilities; Holiday Inn Sydney Airport, corner of Bourke Road and O’Riordan Street (tel: (02) 9330 0600; website: www.ichotelsgroup.com), with meeting and banquet facilities; Ibis Hotel Sydney Airport, 205-213 O’Riordan Street (tel: (02) 8339 8500; website: www.accorhotels.com.au); and Stamford Sydney Airport Hotel, corner of O’Riordan Street and Robey Street (tel: (02) 9317 2200; website: www.stamford.com.au), with a business centre, secretarial services and conference facilities. The Tourism New South Wales Travel Centre can help arrange accommodation in Sydney.